Some programs are written in C++ some in LUA some in assembly. Kernal-mode is a type of access level for an exploit(loopholes or bugs where unsigned, or not varified with sony, code can be run) which enables ISO (or images of a UMD disc on the memory card) to be executed. Last of all Libungif was an attempted exploit was was proven almost conclusivly not ever to be usable on the psp. It involved loading a corrupted gif and having the psp freeze/lockup. People still post about the libungif bug as if it was an expoit, just ignore them and wait for the thread to be close/locked/deleted.
Edit: kernal mode also enables other features. Its pretty much free run with the psp as opposed the User Mode exploits which are much more limited. User Mode exploits for the most part cant be used to make downgraders i believe, or at least its very hard to. The new GTA save game exploit was user mode and many experienced programmers failed to make a downgrader. However an Eboot program, or a program that allows other programs to be run easily without use of an exploit for each one, is being made for 2.01+ firmwares using the GTA Exploit.
If anything i said was wrong or needs expanding on, please post a correction or comment
